Abstract Introdution Burnout syndrome is a social and health problem in college students. Objective To synthesize evidence from previous studies on the prevalence of burnout syndrome in university students in their three-dimensional approach. Method The search strategies followed the PRISMA guidelines and were based on the following descriptive terms: “burnout,” “studies,” “prevalence,” “students.” Pubmed, Web of Science Core Collection, PsicINFO, and Scielo were consulted. An evaluation of the quality of the information was carried out applying the STROBE positioning guidelines. Results We found 1,406 studies that were reduced to 46 studies for final analysis using the STROBE statement, eventually leaving 20 studies. One study (5%) was conducted in North America, five (25%) in Asia, nine (45%) in Latin America, and five (25%) in Europe. Of the 20 studies evaluated in the systematic review, those that had the best overall evaluation in the STROBE analysis were selected for discussion, corresponding to 10 (out of 75% of STROBE). Overall prevalence of each dimension of the syndrome was estimated at 55.4% for emotional exhaustion, 31.6% for cynicism, and 30.9% for academic efficacy. Discussion and conclusion Moderate levels of burnout syndrome prevail in the different populations of university students of different careers worldwide. In only a few studies is the prevalence low and this could be due to multiple evaluative variables.

Resumen Introducción El síndrome de burnout es un problema social y de salud en los estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo Sintetizar las pruebas de estudios anteriores sobre la prevalencia del síndrome de burnout en estudiantes universitarios en su enfoque tridimensional. Método Las estrategias de búsqueda siguieron las pautas de PRISMA y se basaron en los siguientes términos descriptivos: “burnout”, “estudios”, “prevalencia”, “estudiantes”. Se consultaron Pubmed, Web of Science Core Collection, PsicINFO y Scielo. Se llevó a cabo una evaluación de la calidad de la información aplicando las directrices de posicionamiento de STROBE. Resultados Se encontraron 1,406 estudios que se redujeron a 46 estudios para el análisis final utilizando la declaración STROBE, con lo que quedaron finalmente 20 estudios. Un estudio (5%) se llevó a cabo en América del Norte, cinco (25%) en Asia, nueve (45%) en América Latina y cinco (25%) en Europa. De los 20 estudios evaluados en la revisión sistemática, se seleccionaron para su discusión aquellos que tuvieron la mejor evaluación general en el análisis de la STROBE, correspondientes a 10 (de un 75% de la STROBE). La prevalencia general de cada dimensión del síndrome se estimó en un 55.4% para el agotamiento emocional, un 31.6% para el cinismo y un 30.9% para la eficacia académica. Discusión y conclusión Los niveles moderados del síndrome de burnout prevalecen en las diferentes poblaciones de estudiantes universitarios de distintas carreras en todo el mundo. En sólo unos pocos estudios la prevalencia es baja y esto podría deberse a múltiples variables evaluativas.

ABSTRACT: Ecuador is responsible for up to 70 % of the world’s production of fine flavor cocoa. Although fungal diseases have reduced cocoa production, eco–friendly alternatives have been implemented to control the spread of phytopathogens. This study aimed to explore the potential of endophytic strains isolated from fine flavor Nacional cocoa trees to synthetize compounds with antimicrobial and surface active properties. It was determined that under in vitro conditions, seven strains (DS03, DS07, DS18, DS23, DS31, DS34 and DS50) exhibited antifungal activity that inhibited the mycelial growth of Moniliophthora roreri and Moniliophthora perniciosa. The strains were identified based on their morphological (pattern forming Bacilli) and genetic characteristics using the 16S SSU rRNA gene sequences. Furthermore, we determined that the endophytic strains contained genes that encoded the lipopeptides Fengycin (fenA, fenB, fenC, fenE), Iturin (ituB, ituC, ituD), and Bacyllomicin D (bamC, bamD). The production of biosurfactant compounds was determined by a reduction in surface tension in the mineral medium. Additionally, the biosurfactant crude extract (BCE) was tested for its inhibitory activity against M. perniciosa and M. roreri. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to be 0.07 and 0.035 mg mL−1, respectively, in both cases in a fungistatic action mode. The swelling granulation and fragmentation of both phytopathogens’ hyphae were observed using the BCE treatment. These results suggested the biocontrol capacity of the endophytic strains, which under in vitro conditions, have the ability to synthesize antifungal and surface active compounds that might be used as an ecological alternative in cocoa plants to prevent infection by phytopathogens.